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The era of cool jazz was from
1. 1925 - 1935
2. 1935 - 1945
3. 1940 - 1950
4. 1949 - 1955
5. 1955 - 1963
If Bebop were a reaction to Swing, then Cool might be considered a reaction to
1. Dixieland
2. the Blues
3. the reaction
4. Rock 'n Roll
5. Swing
Cool jazz was
1. usually slower paced and more subdued than Bebop
2. usually fast paced
3. usually energetic and overtly emotional
4. usually louder than Bebop
5. the slang term for the "hot" style of jazz
The type of jazz that put jazz back into the mainstream of American music in the 1950’s was
1. Modal Jazz
2. Cool
3. Funk
4. Hard Bop
5. Bebop
Cool jazz was performed by
1. both white and black musicians in most of America’s major cities
2. white musicians exclusively
3. black musicians exclusively
4. mostly women
5. classical musicians
One of the saxophonists associated with Cool jazz was
1. Chet Baker
2. Dave Brubeck
3. Gerry Mulligan
4. Charlie Parker
5. Milt Jackson
A trumpet player associated with Cool jazz was
1. Miles Davis
2. Gerry Mulligan
3. Dizzy Gillespie
4. Dave Brubeck
5. Freddie Hubbard
Cool combos ranged from
1. quartets to sextets
2. trios to nonets
3. duets to octets
4. quartets to big bands
5. chamber orchestra to symphonic orchestra
Cool groups sometimes included
1. vibes and French horn
2. banjo and guitar
3. clarinet and violin
4. bassoon and oboe
5. acoustic guitar and electric bass
Cool jazz influences and tune sources included
1. symphonic repertoire only
2. Dixieland
3. the Blues exclusively
4. Swing and Bebop
5. Hard Bop
In Cool jazz
1. classical music elements could often be found
2. there was a return to the collective improvisation of the Dixieland Era
3. there was very little room for improvisation
4. there was little organization to the music
5. conductors were usually used
Cool jazz employed
1. homophony exclusively
2. simple chord structures
3. homophony and polyphony
4. polyphony exclusively
5. little harmonic structure
Polyphony is
1. one melodic line with accompanying chords
2. two voices singing in unison
3. two instruments playing in unison
4. a particular type of dance
5. two or more independent melody lines sounded together
The rhythm sections in Cool jazz were
1. loud and involved
2. not used
3. passive, providing subtle accompaniment
4. used infrequently
5. provided strong accented accompaniment and exciting interplay
Hard Bop represented a return to
1. the fast-paced, "hot" style of Bebop
2. the avant garde
3. Swing
4. Dixieland
5. collective improvisation
Hard Bop was center mainly in Northern cities and was dominated by
1. white musicians
2. women
3. young African American musicians
4. retired musicians
5. the record companies
Hard Bop and Funky jazz share in common
1. collective improvisation
2. an integration of composition, arrangement, and improvisation
3. a smooth and "cool" style
4. a frequent use of conductors
5. difficult chord changes
One of the major differences between Hard Bop and Funky jazz was
1. the type of audience that listened
2. the musicians who played these two styles
3. their record labels
4. the tune sources
5. the use of electric instruments
Compared to Funky jazz, the harmony for Hard Bop usually
1. was more complex
2. was less complex
3. utilized fewer chords
4. was blues based
5. was modal
Modal Jazz was usually based on
1. complex chord progressions
2. a limited number of modes (scales)
3. the Blues
4. a progression of quickly changing chords
5. contrafacts
The first important Modal Jazz recording was
1. Song for My Father, Horace Silver
2. Kind Of Blue, Chet Baker
3. Giant Steps, John Coltrane
4. Take Five, Dave Brubeck
5. Kind of Blue, Miles Davis
Important Modal jazz musicians include
1. Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers
2. John Coltrane
3. Dave Brubeck
4. Chet Baker
5. Modern Jazz Quartet
Regarding American culture, Cool jazz reflected
1. emotional self control in time of crisis
2. a “cooling down” of Americans’ top choice of entertainment
3. “global cooling,” the predominant environmental effect in the 1950s
4. the laid back California lifestyle
5. A, B, and D
Levittowns were
1. housing developments for low income persons living in the inner-city
2. planned communities in the suburbs
3. segregated housing developments built throughout the South in the 1950s
4. communities established in rural areas to relocate unemployed urban workers and their families
5. socialist communities established by religious organizations in post-World War II America
A landmark Supreme Court decision declaring the segregated schools were unconstitutional
1. Marbury v. Madison
2. Dred Scott v. Sandford
3. Plessy v. Ferguson
4. Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas
5. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Fill in the blank with the correct answer

If Bebop were a reaction to Swing, then Cool might be considered a reaction to the _____________________________.
The style of jazz that, compared to Bebop, is slower paced, more subdued, less emotional, softer, and more controlled is _____________________________.
Regarding audience appeal, Cool Jazz was more _____________________________ than Bebop.
Cool jazz was mostly associated with _____________________________.
A prominent Cool Jazz baritone saxophonist, best known for his work with Chet Baker, was _________________________.
The prominent Cool Jazz pianist who recorded Take Five was _____________________________
Cool Jazz combos ranged in size from _____________________________ to _____________________________.
Cool Jazz combos often included more "classical" instruments such as ________________________________.
Cool influences and tune sources included Swing, Bebop, Pop, and _____________________________ music.
The dynamic and expressive range was more _____________________________ in Cool Jazz than in Bebop.
There was far more _____________________________ influence in Cool Jazz than Blues influence.
An important African American trumpeter in Cool Jazz was _____________________________.
Hard Bop represented a return to the fast paced, "hot" style of _____________________________.
Hard Bop was heavily dominated by young _____________________________ musicians.
Hard Bop was mainly centered in _____________________________ cities with a large African American population.
The substyle of Hard Bop distinguished by its Blues and Gospel influence, simple forms, explicitly stated rhythms, and down home “earthy” feel is known as _____________________________ Jazz.
The Hard Bop drummer best known for bringing his “jazz message” to the people was _____________________________.
The style of jazz based on a limited number of scales as opposed to progression of changing chords is known as _____________________________ Jazz.
The first important Modal Jazz recording was _____________________________ by _____________________________.
An important African American tenor saxophonist known for his Hard Bop AND Modal Jazz playing was _____________________________, recording both Giant Steps and Impressions.
Cool Jazz reflected the importance of “cooling off” in American culture such as Congress’ passing of the _____________________________ Act which mandated a “cooling off period” in labor disputes.
Cool Jazz was most associated with what state? _____________________________
Hard Bop was most associated with what city? _____________________________
Modal Jazz, in part, was a rejection of _____________________________ chord progressions, creating a path toward an eve more Afro-centric music.
_____________________________ is currently enjoying a resurgence as it is the main influence behind today’s young “straight ahead” players.

Write a one to two page answer.
Essay Question #1
Explain how Cool Jazz is different from Bebop and why Cool Jazz came after Bebop. How did this reflect what was going on in America at the time?

Essay question #2
Who were some of the important figures in Cool Jazz? How was their music similar? What kind of cultural statements were they attempting to make with this new style of jazz?

Essay question #3
What is the difference between Hard Bop and Cool Jazz? Why did Hard Bop come after Cool Jazz? What was the social statement being made by this stylistic change and how did it affect the cultural American landscape?

Essay question #4
Write about Hard Bop and Funky Jazz: their similarities and differences. Address instrumentation, group size, tune sources, performance practices, etc.

Essay question #5
How was Cool Jazz a reflection of the American attitude after World War II? What were Americans feeling at the time? Address the political and social landscape of America in the 1950s.

Please answer true or false to the following questions.

1.	If Bebop were a reaction to Swing, then Cool might be considered a reaction to the reaction.	T	F
2.	Cool Jazz was usually a faster, more emotional style of jazz than Bebop.	T	F
3.	Cool Jazz was associated mostly with young African American players.	T	F
4.	Cool combos ranged from trios to nonets.	T	F
5.	Besides standard Bebop instrumentation, Cool Jazz combos often included more "classical" instruments like flue, French Horn, oboe, etc.	T	F
6.	Both homophony than polyphony could be found in Cool Jazz.	T	F
7.	In Cool Jazz there was an integration of arrangement and improvisation.	T	F
8.	Compared to Bebop, Cool Jazz was more harmony oriented and less “tune” oriented.	T	F
9.	An important figure during the Cool Jazz Era was Miles Davis.	T	F
10.	Very few differences exist between Hard Bop and Cool Jazz.	T	F
11.	Hard Bop was heavily dominated by young African Americans.	T	F
12.	Hard Bop was mainly centered in U.S. Southern cities.	T	F
13.	A distinct substyle of Hard Bop was Funky Jazz.	T	F
14.	An important Funky Jazz group was the Hot Five.	T	F
15.	An important pianist playing both Hard Bop and Funky Jazz was Horace Silver.	T	F
16.	Hard Bop was more "earthy" and Funky was more “cerebral.”	T	F
17.	A popular tenor saxophonist during the Hard Bop Era was John Coltrane.	T	F
18.	An important Hard Bop and Funky Jazz group was Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers, led by drummer Art Blakey.	T	F
19.	Modal Jazz is based on swiftly changing complex chord progressions.	T	F
20.	The 1950s began as a period of slow economic growth and ended with a severe economic depression.	T	F
21.	White Citizens Councils were established in Little Rock, Arkansas to peacefully integrate Central High School in 1957.	T	F
22.	The Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas brought an immediate end to segregated schools throughout the South.	T	F
23.	Rosa Parks was one of the central figures that played a role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott School.	T	F
24.	The "Jazz Messengers" was formed in order to keep the Big Band era alive.	T	F
25.	Art Blakey encouraged new jazz musicians to be innovative and take risks.	T	F

Match the words in the columns correctly.

1. Cool Jazz style	A. Miles Davis	1. _____
2. young white players	B. Take Five	2. _____
3. Gerry Mulligan	C. improvisation	3. _____
4. white Cool Jazz trumpet player	D. usually more narrow than in Bebop	4. _____
5. Cool Jazz, Hard Bop, and Modal trumpet player	E. Cool Jazz	5. _____
6. Cool Jazz combos	F. employed complex scales	6. _____
7. Cool Jazz instrumentation	G. slow paced, more subdued than Bebop	7. _____
8. Dave Brubeck and Paul Desmond	H. simple and explicit	8. _____
9. two or more simultaneous melodies	I. tenor saxophone	9. _____
10. Cool Jazz: integration of arrangement and	J. Chet Baker	10. _____
11. In Cool Jazz, the rhythm section was...	K. Cannonball Adderley	11. _____
12. In Cool Jazz, the dynamic range was...	L. often included "classical" instruments	12. _____
13. tune oriented	M. Kind of Blue	13. _____
14. Hard Bop heads and solos...	N. Cool Jazz baritone saxophonist	14. _____
15. Funky Jazz rhythms	O. Modern Jazz Quartet	15. _____
16. strong influence of Gospel and R&B	P. Swing, Bebop, Pop, and Classical Music	16. _____
17. Sonny Rollins	Q. trios to nonets	17. _____
18. alto saxophone	R. John Coltrane	18. _____
19. The Jazz Messengers	S. cooling off period in labor disputes	19. _____
20. Modal Jazz	T. polyphony	20. _____
21. Piano	U. basically passive	21. _____
22. John Lewis and Milt Jackson	V. Funky Jazz	22. _____
23. Taft-Hartley Act	W. mostly associated with Cool Jazz	23. _____
24. Cool Jazz influences	X. Horace Silver	24. _____
25. Giant Steps and Impressions	Y. Art Blakey	25. _____